INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO SUPERIOR
"CENTRAL TÉCNICO"
Tema: Imperative (commands).
Alumno: Carranza Zambrano Jackson.
Docente: Ing. Julio Calvopiña Herrera, MSc.
Año Lectivo: 2014 - 2015.
Tema: Imperative (commands).
Alumno: Carranza Zambrano Jackson.
Docente: Ing. Julio Calvopiña Herrera, MSc.
Año Lectivo: 2014 - 2015.
The Imperative - Commands
The Imperative
The imperative verb form is a command or an appeal. It is always directed to the second person singular, "you", wewe or plural ninyi. Swahili has two types of imperative:
1. There is the simple, direct command in which the verb stem alone is used when addressing one person, or a plural ending is added when addressing more than one.
2. There is also a polite form of command which is also the subjunctive verb form.
A. Simple imperatives without an object will fall into four groups according to the type of verb stem:
When addressed to only one person, the verb stem alone forms the imperative. When addressed to more than one, a pluralizing suffix NI is added to the verb stem, and the final A changes to E preceding the suffix.
Sema Semeni Speak Amka Amkeni Wake up Kaa Kaeni Sit, or stay Sikia Sikieni Hear
2. Monosyllabic Bantu verb stems:
These are formed with the infinitive when addressed to one person, and with the change of A to E and addition of NI when addressed to more than one, in the same way as the above group.
Kula Kuleni Eat Kunywa Kunyweni Drink
Since these have no A ending, there is no change in the ending of the verb, only the addition of NI when addressing more than one.
Jaribu Jaribuni Try Furahi Furahini Rejoice Hesabu Hesabuni Count, calculate Fikiri Fikirini Think, ponder
These three verbs have irregular forms in the simple imperative. The infinitives are given at the left:
Kuleta Lete Leteni
Bring (something)Kuja Njoo Njooni Come Kwenda Nenda Nendeni Go
B. Simple imperatives with an object will have the final A of Bantu verb stems changed into E. Verbs of non-Bantu origin do not change. The starred forms below must always have an object:
*Nipe Nipeni Give me *Mwambie Mwambieni Tell him/her *Waite Waiteni Call them Tuonyeshe Tuonyesheni Show us Jifunze Jifunzeni Learn (teach yourself) Zihesabu Zihesabuni Count them (e.g. houses)
C. The polite form of the imperative is a subjunctive verb form;
this form is examined in detail beginning with paragraph 64.
Using the polite imperative has the implication of "Please,
request you to...." An Arabic loanword, tafadhali, please, may
also be added if desired.
Components of the construction are:
Subject prefix + Object prefix (optional) + Verb stem
In the case of Bantu verb stems, the final A changes to E. In
verbs of non-Bantu origin, there is no change in the stem. Since
this is an imperative, only two subject prefixes can possibly be
used, either: 2nd person singular u (for wewe) or 2nd person
plural m (for ninyi), see paragraph 20.A.
Useme Mseme (Please) speak Uamke Mwamke (Please) wake up Ukae Mkae (Please) sit, stay Usikie Msikie (Please) hear Ule Mle (Please) eat Unywe Mnywe (Please) drink Ujaribu Mjaribu (Please) try Ufurahi Mfurahi (Please) rejoice Uhesabu Mhesabu (Please) count Ufikiri Mfikiri (Please) think Ulete Mlete (Please) bring Uje Mje (Please) come Uende Mwende (Please) go Unipe Mnipe (Please) give me Umwambie Mwambie (Please) tell him/her Uwaite Mwaite (Please) call them Utuonyeshe Mtuonyeshe (Please) show us Ujifunze Mjifunze (Please) learn Uzihesabu Mzihesabu (Please) count them
D. The negative imperative for both simple imperative and polite imperative is the negative subjunctive form. Its construction is like the positive subjunctive with the addition of a negative particle SI immediately following the subject prefix:
Subject prefix + SI + Object prefix (optional) + verb stem
A few examples from each group in the above list:
Usiseme Msiseme Don't speak Usikae Msikae Don't stay/ Don't sit Usile Msile Don't eat Usinywe Msinywe Don't drink Usijaribu Msijaribu Don't try Usihesabu Msihesabu Don't count Usilete Msilete Don't bring Usije Msije Don't come Usiende Msiende Don't go Usinipe Msinipe Don't give me Usimwambie Msimwambie Don't tell him/her Usizihesabu Msizihesabu Don't count them
The Imperative
The imperative verb form is a command or an appeal. It is always directed to the second person singular, "you", wewe or plural ninyi. Swahili has two types of imperative:
1. There is the simple, direct command in which the verb stem alone is used when addressing one person, or a plural ending is added when addressing more than one.
1. There is the simple, direct command in which the verb stem alone is used when addressing one person, or a plural ending is added when addressing more than one.
2. There is also a polite form of command which is also the subjunctive verb form.
A. Simple imperatives without an object will fall into four groups according to the type of verb stem:
When addressed to only one person, the verb stem alone forms the imperative. When addressed to more than one, a pluralizing suffix NI is added to the verb stem, and the final A changes to E preceding the suffix.
| Sema | Semeni | Speak |
| Amka | Amkeni | Wake up |
| Kaa | Kaeni | Sit, or stay |
| Sikia | Sikieni | Hear |
2. Monosyllabic Bantu verb stems:
These are formed with the infinitive when addressed to one person, and with the change of A to E and addition of NI when addressed to more than one, in the same way as the above group.
| Kula | Kuleni | Eat |
| Kunywa | Kunyweni | Drink |
Since these have no A ending, there is no change in the ending of the verb, only the addition of NI when addressing more than one.
| Jaribu | Jaribuni | Try |
| Furahi | Furahini | Rejoice |
| Hesabu | Hesabuni | Count, calculate |
| Fikiri | Fikirini | Think, ponder |
These three verbs have irregular forms in the simple imperative. The infinitives are given at the left:
| Kuleta | Lete | Leteni | Bring (something) |
| Kuja | Njoo | Njooni | Come |
| Kwenda | Nenda | Nendeni | Go |
B. Simple imperatives with an object will have the final A of Bantu verb stems changed into E. Verbs of non-Bantu origin do not change. The starred forms below must always have an object:
| *Nipe | Nipeni | Give me |
| *Mwambie | Mwambieni | Tell him/her |
| *Waite | Waiteni | Call them |
| Tuonyeshe | Tuonyesheni | Show us |
| Jifunze | Jifunzeni | Learn (teach yourself) |
| Zihesabu | Zihesabuni | Count them (e.g. houses) |
C. The polite form of the imperative is a subjunctive verb form;
this form is examined in detail beginning with paragraph 64.
this form is examined in detail beginning with paragraph 64.
Using the polite imperative has the implication of "Please,
request you to...." An Arabic loanword, tafadhali, please, may
also be added if desired.
request you to...." An Arabic loanword, tafadhali, please, may
also be added if desired.
Components of the construction are:
Subject prefix + Object prefix (optional) + Verb stem
In the case of Bantu verb stems, the final A changes to E. In
verbs of non-Bantu origin, there is no change in the stem. Since
this is an imperative, only two subject prefixes can possibly be
used, either: 2nd person singular u (for wewe) or 2nd person
plural m (for ninyi), see paragraph 20.A.
verbs of non-Bantu origin, there is no change in the stem. Since
this is an imperative, only two subject prefixes can possibly be
used, either: 2nd person singular u (for wewe) or 2nd person
plural m (for ninyi), see paragraph 20.A.
| Useme | Mseme | (Please) speak |
| Uamke | Mwamke | (Please) wake up |
| Ukae | Mkae | (Please) sit, stay |
| Usikie | Msikie | (Please) hear |
| Ule | Mle | (Please) eat |
| Unywe | Mnywe | (Please) drink |
| Ujaribu | Mjaribu | (Please) try |
| Ufurahi | Mfurahi | (Please) rejoice |
| Uhesabu | Mhesabu | (Please) count |
| Ufikiri | Mfikiri | (Please) think |
| Ulete | Mlete | (Please) bring |
| Uje | Mje | (Please) come |
| Uende | Mwende | (Please) go |
| Unipe | Mnipe | (Please) give me |
| Umwambie | Mwambie | (Please) tell him/her |
| Uwaite | Mwaite | (Please) call them |
| Utuonyeshe | Mtuonyeshe | (Please) show us |
| Ujifunze | Mjifunze | (Please) learn |
| Uzihesabu | Mzihesabu | (Please) count them |
D. The negative imperative for both simple imperative and polite imperative is the negative subjunctive form. Its construction is like the positive subjunctive with the addition of a negative particle SI immediately following the subject prefix:
Subject prefix + SI + Object prefix (optional) + verb stem
A few examples from each group in the above list:
| Usiseme | Msiseme | Don't speak |
| Usikae | Msikae | Don't stay/ Don't sit |
| Usile | Msile | Don't eat |
| Usinywe | Msinywe | Don't drink |
| Usijaribu | Msijaribu | Don't try |
| Usihesabu | Msihesabu | Don't count |
| Usilete | Msilete | Don't bring |
| Usije | Msije | Don't come |
| Usiende | Msiende | Don't go |
| Usinipe | Msinipe | Don't give me |
| Usimwambie | Msimwambie | Don't tell him/her |
| Usizihesabu | Msizihesabu | Don't count them |
Commands Review: Part I
Notes:
- The written lesson is below.
- Links to quizzes, tests, etc. are to the left.
Commands are used when ordering, or telling someone to do something. This is often referred to as the "imperative" form of the verb. Spanish has both formal and an informal commands.
The formal commands (both affirmative and negative) use the present subjunctive verb form:
hablar
hable Ud.
no hablen Uds.comer
no coma Ud.
coman Uds.decir
diga Ud.
no digan Uds.
As with the present subjunctive, the following verbs are irregular:
(dar) dé, den
(estar) esté, estén
(ir) vaya, vayan
(ser) sea, sean
(saber) sepa, sepan
The affirmative informal (tú) commands use the present indicative Ud. form:
Cuenta tus beneficios.
Count your blessings.Habla más lentamente.
Speak more slowly.
The negative informal (tú) commands use the present subjunctive.
No cuentes tus beneficios.
Don't count your blessings.No hables más lentamente.
Don't speak more slowly.
The following eight verbs have irregular familiar commands in the affirmative:
decir - di
salir - sal
hacer - haz
ser - sé
ir - ve
tener - ten
poner - pon
venir - ven
With all affirmative commands, the object pronouns are attached directly to the end of the imperative form of the verb.
- Compre Ud. el anillo.
- Buy the ring.
- Cómprelo Ud.
- Buy it.
If both direct and indirect object pronouns are attached, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun.
- Cómprelo Ud.
- Buy it.
- Cómpremelo Ud.
- Buy it for me.
Note that in order to maintain the original stress of the verb, a written accent is often needed. If the command has more than one syllable, a written accent is required when one or more pronoun is added.
Command: compre (two syllables)cómprelos
cómpremelos
If the command has only one syllable, a written accent is only necessary when two pronouns are added.
Command: haz (one syllable)hazlo (one pronoun, no accent required)
házmelo (two pronouns, accent is required)
With all negative commands, the object pronouns come before the imperative form of the verb.
- No compre Ud. el anillo.
- Don't buy the ring.
- No lo compre.
- Don't buy it.
If there are both direct and indirect object pronouns, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun.
- No me lo compre.
- Don't buy it for me.
Link: http://kamusi.org/content/imperative-commands
Link: http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/commrev1.htm
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